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Causes · Hunger & Poverty Relief

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Famine in war zones, chronic hunger in farming families, and food banks in some of the world's richest cities are three different problems with different answers. This page explains what "famine" officially means, when food, cash or vouchers help most, and how farming families can withstand the next drought.

By Global Relief Group · Last updated:

24
Verified causes
21
Countries
24
Partner organizations

“Hunger” covers very different situations. A family in a besieged town with no food on the market needs food delivered. A farming family that runs short every lean season needs a better harvest. A working parent in a European city needs a food bank and a fairer rent. Good giving starts with knowing which of these you are funding.

Acute crisis

266 million people in 47 countries and territories faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 2025. Conflict was the main driver for more than 147 million of them (Global Report on Food Crises, 2026).

Chronic hunger

About 645 million people, 7.8% of the world, faced hunger in 2025. Africa now has more hungry people than Asia (UN, 2026).

Wealthy countries

The Trussell network of UK food banks gave out more than 2.6 million emergency food parcels in 2025, 12% fewer than in 2024 but still 45% more than before the pandemic.

What “famine” officially means

Famine is not a word for any bad hunger crisis. Aid agencies and governments use the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), which grades areas on a five-step scale:

PhaseIn practice
1 · None/MinimalHouseholds can meet their food needs
2 · StressedFamilies get by, but can’t afford other essentials without cutting back
3 · CrisisGaps in food, high malnutrition, or selling assets to eat
4 · EmergencyLarge food gaps, very high malnutrition and excess deaths
5 · Catastrophe/FamineStarvation, death and destitution are evident

An area is classified as being in famine only when three thresholds are all met: at least one in five households has an extreme lack of food, at least 30% of children under five are acutely malnourished, and at least 2 people in every 10,000 die each day.

By that strict definition, famine returned in recent years. In Sudan, famine was confirmed in Zamzam camp in August 2024 and in El Fasher and Kadugli in November 2025. The analysis published in May 2026 found no area currently in famine, but nearly 19.5 million people, about two in five, in Phase 3 or worse, and 14 areas at risk of famine. In Gaza, famine was confirmed in Gaza Governorate in August 2025. After aid access improved, later analyses in December 2025 and July 2026 found no area in famine, but the latest still placed about two-thirds of the population in Crisis or worse for the second half of 2026 and warned that even small disruptions to aid could reverse the gains. These classifications change as conditions do. The Sudan Famine Response Coalition funds food deliveries into famine-hit areas of Sudan where commercial supply routes are cut off.

Food, cash or vouchers?

Where markets still work, giving people money usually stretches further than shipping food. A CALP Network study of US$11.4 billion of humanitarian spending found cash assistance about 37.5% more efficient than food aid: on average 71–77% of a cash or voucher budget reached people directly, against 54–56% for in-kind food (reported in ALNAP’s State of the Humanitarian System, 2026). Cash also helps local traders: in a large study in Kenya, every dollar of cash transfers increased local economic activity by about 2.5 dollars, with little effect on prices (Econometrica, 2022).

But cash is not always the answer. A World Food Programme and IFPRI study that compared cash, vouchers and food of equal value in Ecuador, Niger, Uganda and Yemen found cash was always cheaper to deliver, but in Niger, where markets were weakest, food did more to improve diets. In a besieged town or an empty market, money buys nothing.

SituationWhat usually helps mostExample from our list
Markets are workingCash or vouchersRent assistance for working households in Canada
Prices have collapsed or soaredFood baskets or vouchersMonthly food baskets in Venezuela
Roads cut, markets emptyFood delivered directlyRations for displaced farming families in Niger; food for blockaded towns in Burkina Faso
Children already malnourishedSpecialized nutrition treatmentSee our health and children’s causes

Helping farmers withstand the next drought

Most of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas and depend on farming, so a failed harvest can wipe out a year’s income and food at once. In Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, conservation agriculture (minimal tilling, mulching and crop rotation) has brought large yield gains in drought years compared with conventional ploughing, according to CGIAR research. The causes we list fund conservation farming training in Zambia through the Smallholder Farmer Support Fund, drought-tolerant seed and small-scale irrigation in Zimbabwe, shared irrigation for farming cooperatives in India and Malawi, seeds and tools for families in Cameroon’s Far North, and drought-resilience programmes in southern Madagascar, where harvests have failed repeatedly.

Feeding children at school

At least 466 million children receive school meals worldwide. A 2021 analysis by the World Food Programme with Harvard researchers estimated returns of up to $9 for every $1 invested, and five of six studies in a systematic review by the research group 3ie (2015) found that school meals raised attendance. The Township Feeding Program funds daily meals for children in townships where household food insecurity is well above the national average.

Hunger and poverty in wealthy countries

Hunger in rich countries is mostly about income and housing costs rather than food supply. It is concentrated among people on low wages, older people living alone, and people without a home. The causes we list include:

  • Food banks: restocking in UK cities, in Portuguese cities and in Sweden during winter, when demand peaks.
  • Older people: free meals for poor and homeless seniors in Seoul, in a country where about 40% of people over 65 live in relative poverty, the highest rate in the OECD; meal delivery for older people living alone in rural Japan and northern Sweden.
  • People without a home: emergency beds and hot meals in France and Germany, outreach to people sleeping rough in England, and family shelters in the United States.
  • Working households: rent assistance in Canada, where full-time minimum-wage work can fall short of local housing costs.

How to tell lasting help from a one-off meal

  • Does it reduce the next crisis as well as this one? The Red Cross and NGO Code of Conduct says relief should “strive to reduce future vulnerabilities” as well as meet basic needs. Seeds, farming methods and irrigation alongside emergency food are a good sign.
  • Does it use cash or local purchase where markets work? More of each dollar reaches people, and local farmers and shops benefit.
  • Does it treat people with dignity? Look for models that let people choose, such as cash, vouchers or food banks where people pick their own food, and ways for recipients to give feedback.

Every Hunger & Poverty Relief cause we list

These range from famine response to food banks and farm support. Each one names its partner organization and when we last verified it.

South Africa

Urban Poverty Fund

Funds surplus food recovery and delivery to community kitchens serving informal settlements, in a country where formal unemployment stands at 33.6%, the highest of any G20 economy.

Funds handled by FoodForward SA · verified Apr 2026

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Sweden

Senior Meal Delivery Fund

Funds home meal delivery for older residents in a northern Swedish municipality, where long distances to outlying homes push up the cost of each delivery.

Funds handled by Sundsvall kommun (municipal meal delivery) · verified Feb 2021

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Zambia

Smallholder Farmer Support Fund

Trains subsistence farming households recovering from the 2024 drought in conservation farming, from planting basins and crop rotation to early land preparation that makes the most of erratic rains.

Funds handled by Conservation Farming Unit (CFU) · verified Jun 2024

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Common questions

Should I give to emergency food or long-term farming support?

It depends where. Emergency food saves lives where famine or conflict has cut off supplies; seeds, irrigation and farming support reduce how often families face the next crisis. Our list includes both.

Is giving cash better than sending food?

Where markets still work, evidence shows cash usually reaches people more efficiently than shipped food. In famine zones and besieged areas, delivering food directly is often the only option.

Can I support hunger relief in my own country?

Several causes fund food banks, shelters and meals in the UK, Portugal, Sweden, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Canada and the United States.

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